COMPARISON OF HYPERTENSION, ITS CONTROL AND COMPLIANCE OF ANTI-HYPERTENSIVES AMONG DEPRESSED AND NON-DEPRESSED PATIENTS
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
Objective: To compare frequency of hypertension, control of blood pressure and compliance to anti-hypertensives among depressed versus non-depressed patients.
Methodology: This cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Cardiology Lady Reading Hospital, Peshawar. The patients were interviewed for the diagnosis of depression and compliance to anti-hypertensives. PHQ 9 questionnaire was used to diagnose depression among study patients. Total patients were 1026 divided into two groups, group A were 634 patients and group B were 392 patients. Group A were patients having moderate, moderately severe and severe depression and Group B patients were having no depression and mild depression. The two groups were compared for the frequency of hypertension, and compliance to drugs using Morisky medication adherence scale. SPSS v.20.0 was used to analyze the data.
Results: The mean age of the sample was 55.86±11.37 years with male to female ration of 1.5:1. Hypertension was present in 69.24% of patients in group A and 60.46% group B (p=0.006). Mean SBP was 131.17+24.7 mmHg in depressed patients and 124.20+19.7 mmHg in non-depressed (p=0.000). Similarly mean DBP was 82.06+13.3 mmHg in depressed and 78.99+12.1 mmHg in non-depressed patients (p=0.004). 335/392 non-depressed patients were compliant to medication as compared to 512/634 depressed patients (p=0.052).
Conclusion: Hypertension was found to be more prevalent among depressed patients. In compliance to anti-hypertensives, depressed patients had lesser compliance than the patients of the other group.
Article Details
Work published in JPMI is licensed under a
Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 2.0 Generic License.
Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work.
References
National Library of Medicine- PubMed Health. Depression. www.ncbi.nlm.nih. gov/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024768/ (2017, cited 12 April 2017].
Waraich P, Goldner EM, Somers JM, et al. Prevalence and incidence studies of mood disorders: a systematic review of the literature. Can J Psychiatry. 2011; 49:124–38.
Kearney PM, Whelton M, Reynolds K, Muntner P, Whelton PK. Global Burden of hypertension: analysis of worldwide data. Lancet. 2015; 365(9455):217- 23.
Forouzanfar MH, Alexander L, Anderson HR, et al. Risk Factors Collaborators. Global, regional and national compara¬tive risk assessment of 79 behavioral, environmental and occupational and metabolic risks or clusters of risks in 188 countries, 1990-2013: a system¬atic analysis for the Global Burden of disease study 2013. Lancet. 2015; 386(10010):2287-323
Rabkin J, Charles E, Kass F. Hyperten¬sion and DSM-III: Depression in psy¬chiatric outpatients. Am J Psychiatry. 2014;140(8):1072–4.
Adamis D, Ball C. Physical morbidity in elderly psychiatric inpatients: Prev¬alence and possible relations between the major mental disorders and phys¬ical illness. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2015;15(3):248-53.
Thomas J, Jones G, Scarinci I, Brant¬ley P. A descriptive and comparative study of the prevalence of depressive and anxiety disorders in low-income adults with type 2 diabetes and other chronic illnesses. Diabetes Care. 2016; 26:2311–7.
Meng L, Chen D, Yang Y, Zheng Y, Hui R. Depression increases the risk of hyper¬tension incidence: A meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. J Hyperten¬sion. 2012; 30:842–51.
O’Connor CM, Gurbel PA, Serebrua¬ny VL. Depression as a risk factor for cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease: Emerging data and clinical perspectives. Am Heart J. 2012; 140: 63–9.
Zhanzhan Li, Yanyan Li, Yingyum Hu. Prevalence of Hypertension in depres¬sion. Med. 2015; 94(3): e1317.
Jokisalo E, Enlund H, Halonen P, Takala J, Kumpusalo E. Factors related to poor control of blood pressure with antihy¬pertensive drug therapy. Blood Press. 2011; 12:49–55.
Barton DA, Dawood T, Lambert EA, et al. Sympathetic activity in major de¬pressive disorder: identifying those at increased cardiac risk? J Hypertens. 2015; 25:2117–24.
Nakagawara M, Witzke W, Matussek N. Hypertension in depression. Psychol Res. 2013; 21(1):85-6.
Kario K, Schwartz JE, Davidson KW, Pickering TG. Gender differences in associations of diurnal blood pressure variation, awake physical activity and sleep quality with negative affect. Hy¬pertension. 2001; 38(5):997-1002.
Shinagawa M, Otsuka K, Murakami S, Kubo Y, Cornelissen G, Matsubayashi K, et al. Seven-day (24 h) ambulatory BP monitoring, self-reported depression and quality of life scores. Blood Press Monit. 2002; 7(1):69-76.
Jonas BS, Franks P, Ingram DD. Are symptoms of anxiety and depression risk factors for hypertension? Longitu¬dinal evidence from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey I Ep¬idemiologic Follow-up Study. Arch Fam Med. 1997; 6(1):43-9.
Kim HK, Park JH. Differences in ad¬herence to antihypertensive medica¬tion regimens according to psychiatric diagnosis: results of a Korean popu¬lation-based study. Psychosom Med. 2010; 72(1): 80-87.
Etienne M, Hossain M, Redfield R, Staf¬ford K, Amoroso A. Indicators of adher¬ence to antiretroviral therapy treatment among HIV/AIDS patients in 5 African countries. J Int Assoc Provid AIDS Care. 2010; 9:98.