BARRIERS TO MENTAL HEALTHCARE IMPROVEMENT IN LOW AND MIDDLE INCOME COUNTRIES

Abstract

 The quality of mental health treatment in low and middle-income countries is a source of concern despite publications claiming that mental healthcare is improv­ing.1 Despite the presence of available evidence, that mental healthcare service development has been slow in pace in most of the developing countries.2 There are various mental health barriers which need to be ad­dressed at this point to overall improve the services improve the delivery of mental health services.

Low priority on public health agenda: Mental health has a low priority on national and international pub­lic-health agendas, as evidenced by their low visibility in Millennium Development Goals (MDG) and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).3,4 A higher prominence on domestic and international agendas is necessary not just for increased funding, but also for gaining political support for the tough choices that typically accompany mental health reforms due to lack of consensus among stakeholders which leads to contradictory messag­es turning donors and policymakers off. The immi­nent needs are not prioritized on specialist services. Communication is not clear with decision makers and mental health professionals.5 It is also a matter of great concern that lack of public interest in the wellbeing of those with mental disorders may be due to the stigma associated.6-8 Decision-makers' erroneous belief that mental health treatment is not as cost-effective as the care for a variety of the other physical disorders.9,10

Disorganization of services: The greatest impediment to decentralization and systematic disenfranchisement is the entrenched interests of mental health and hos­pital staff, who fear losing their power base and being compelled to relocate to rural regions. Service consum­ers and family organizations frequently support the old system because they are ignorant of the benefits.11 In a nutshell, a homogenous model of services that must be available for everyone that may prioritizes nurtur­ing and replenishing mental health services in primary care setting that can best serve individuals who suffer from mental illnesses, is missing.

 Dearth of mental health work force: Only a few people pursue mental healthcare as a profession, thus there aren't enough people qualified to provide it.12 Higher pay in private practise and abroad, on the other hand, incentivize even this workforce to quit government em­ployment or even the nation leading to brain drain. Fur­thermore, there are little incentives for mental health specialists to remain in rural areas, where the majority of the country's population resides. To diversify the workforce, flexibility and creativity is required, includ­ing increase in the number of mental health training programs for working professionals in accordance with authorities' guidelines and regulations. As a result, the function of a mental health practitioner in the commu­nity is expected to shift from clinical care provider to ongoing trainer and supervisor.2

Lack of effective leadership in public health: Most Mental health leaders in low and middle income coun­tries lack public health abilities, and there is a paucity of mental health leaders with public-health training. Senior mental health professionals who are promoted to national mental health leaders frequently focus on individual therapeutic care rather than community-ori­ented actions.2 Few colleges across the world provide public mental health courses to prepare future mental health administrators, planners, and leaders. There are just a few international training and exchange options for leaders to improve their public mental health skills.2

Natural and Man-made Disasters: A recent hurdle in developing countries like Pakistan has been the issues related to natural and man-made disasters including drought, fires, accidents, earthquake, floods and ter­rorism.13 This is harming not just the country's econ­omy, but the ever-changing dynamics of the situation are making it difficult for the general populace to settle and adjust to the circumstances, rendering them vul­nerable to mental health problems. This disruption is aggravating existing mental healthcare issues, as there is no coverage for this additional percentage of the population.

Imperfection of Mental Health Infor­mation System: Lacunae in the information system is a hurdle in providing just and and equitable mental health services and this has a general impact on all areas of mental health service provision.14 Inappropriate Legislation: Inappropriate legislation and enforcement of existing laws is a major challenge for health systems in developing countries.15 The need of the day is to establish psy­chiatric treatment services in general hospi­tals and the development of mental health­care in primary care and other health-care settings for societal and communal needs. Also, international cooperation is needed along with local and national efforts to over­come the barriers. In addition, advocacy for persons with mental illnesses may shape po­litical will which has the capacity to increase the chances of availability and access to humane mental health treatment. For the development of community mental health services, in addition to the emphasis on the inclusion of mental health in primary care, services at the secondary care level should be prioritized in the community taking all stakeholders on board.